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The Fiestas Patrias (literally Homeland Holidays) of Chile consist of two days, with a third one added on some years:. 18 September, in commemoration of the proclamation of the First Governing Body of 1810, and marking the beginning of the Chilean Independence process.

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Casino Del Sol Fiestas Patrias, ho fatto un casino in inglese, comment gagner a la roulette electronique au casino, top 10 slot jackpots. Article 74 of the Mexican labor law (Ley Federal del Trabajo) provides that the third Monday of November (regardless the date) will be an official holiday in Mexico. This was a modification of the law made in 2005, effective since 2006; before then, it was November 20 regardless of the day, and all schools gave extended holidays if the day was.

The Fiestas Patrias (literally Homeland Holidays)^[1] of Chile consist of two days, with a third one added on some years:

• 18 September, in commemoration of the proclamation of the First Governing Body of 1810, and marking the beginning of the Chilean Independence process.
• 19 September, known as the 'Day of the Glories of the Army'.
• Since 2007,^[2] 17 September (if it should be a Monday) or 20 September (if it should be a Friday) will be included as well.

Within Chile the Fiestas Patrias are often referred to as the Dieciocho, or '18th' because the celebration occurs on 18 September. Unofficially, the celebration can last for around a week, depending on when it falls. For example, if the 18th is a Wednesday, public holidays are from Wednesday the 18th to Friday the 20th and celebrations begin the afternoon of Tuesday the 17th and continue until Sunday the 22nd. It is held close to the spring equinox of the Southern Hemisphere so it doubles as a spring festival. Chile's Declaration of Independence happened on 12 February. Most schools and jobs declare a week-long vacation for the holiday. This day is very important to the Chilean people because they are celebrating their freedom from Spanish rule.

Being widespread in rural areas of Chile Mexican corrido is often played in Fiestas Patrias.^[3][4] In popular celebrations traditional Chilean music such as cueca and tonada are not as common as the foreign music styles of corrido and cumbia.^[4]

Activities[edit]

The celebration of Fiestas Patrias is an expression of Chilean culture. Traditional activities associated with the Dieciocho include Chilean rodeo, dancing the cueca, going to fondas, and barbecue.^[5]Officially, activities on September eighteen are centered on a religious celebration 'Te Deum Ecuménico de Fiestas Patrias'.^[6] This ceremony, which is organized by the Catholic Church and led by the Archbishop of Santiago, has taken place since 1811 when it was started by José Miguel Carrera.^[6] In 1971, President Salvador Allende asked that the celebration become more ecumenical, encompassing the diverse religious beliefs throughout the country. The ceremony itself begins at 11:00 am in the Plaza de Armas.^[6]Military parades and civil school parades are held on this day in major cities and towns nationwide. Many Chileans travel during the Fiestas Patrias to visit family, friends and relatives in other parts of the country and join the celebrations there. In Santiago, many people travel to resorts on the Pacific coast, especially Viña del Mar and the Litoral Central region. It is estimated that 2 million Chileans—nearly one-eighth of the country's population—travel during this holiday.

19 September, the anniversary of the installation of the First Government Council and the very first military parade in Chilean history, marks the grand finale: the Great Military Parade of Chile commemorating the glories of the Chilean Army, on Santiago's O'Higgins Park and overseen by the President of Chile in his/her performance of his/her constitutional mandate as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.^[5] Attracting millions of people, and simulcast live on radio, television and on the Internet, the parade, led by the Chilean Armed Forces (Chilean Army, Chilean Navy and Chilean Air Force) and the Carabineros de Chile, plus since 2019 the Investigations Police of Chile, takes place in the afternoon, and (when 19 September is a Sunday, Monday, Tuesday or Wednesday) marks the end of the holiday.

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Traditional food[edit]

Consumption of traditional Chilean foods is one of the principal displays of the Fiestas Patrias.^[7] Chileans prepare these foods in their homes, or they go to fondas.^[7] Fondas are venues, often tents, prepared and decorated for the Fiestas Patrias where traditional Chilean dishes and beverages are served. The largest fondas are found in Parque O'Higgins. Each year the Chilean President kicks off the Fiestas Patrias celebrations at one of these locales. For many years, the selected fonda was La Grandiosa Bertita.^[7]The predominant food associated with the Fiestas Patrias are Chilean empanadas, which are a sort of bread pastry. The filling of these empanadas consist of pino, a mixture of chopped beef and onion, as well as half of a hard-boiled egg, and an olive. Many Chileans also throw a barbecue for the Fiestas Patrias. During this time sales of meat products exceed $50 million.

During the Fiestas Patrias the preferred drink is chicha, a lightly alcoholic beverage typically made from grapes, although apple chicha is popular in southern Chile. Red wine enjoys popularity during the holiday, while pisco, the so-called 'national liquor', becomes secondary.^[7]

Alfajores are a typical dessert. They consist of two lightly breaded cookies joined with manjar, a sweet filling made from caramelized condensed milk.

Use of the flag[edit]

In Chile, it is mandatory to hang the Chilean flag from every building in the country on 18 and 19 September (and 21 May as well).^[8] The flag should be in perfect condition, hung from a white pole or from the front of every building, horizontally or vertically. If hung vertically, the star should always be in the upper left corner, visible from the front of the building. Violation of this rule is punishable with fines in local currency of up to 40,000 pesos (about US$80),^[9] although it is not strictly enforced.

Gallery[edit]

• September 19, by Johann Moritz Rugendas, 1837

• Ernest Charton's oil painting September the 18th in Santiago, 1845

• September 18, by Claudio Gay, 1854

• Claudio Gay, Una Chingana, 1854

References[edit]

1. ^Collins Spanish to English Dictionary, patrio.
2. ^'Días Feriados en Chile' (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2018.
3. ^Dannemann, Manuel (1975). 'Situación actual de la música folklórica chilena. Según el Atlas del Folklore de Chile'. Revista Musical Chilena (in Spanish). 29 (131): 38–86.
4. ^ ^abLarraín, Jorge (2001). 'Identidad chilena y globalización'. Identidad Chilena (in Spanish). LOM ediciones. p. 270. ISBN956-282-399-7.
5. ^ ^ab'Chile's independence day: A time for meat'. The Santiago Times. Retrieved 18 September 2009.^{[dead link]}
6. ^ ^abc'Fiestas Patrias: What it is all about'(Web). The Santiago Times. Retrieved 16 September 2009.^{[dead link]}
7. ^ ^abcd'Chile's Fiestas Patrias'(Web). About.com. Retrieved 18 September 2009.
8. ^'Decreto 1534 de 1967 del Ministerio del Interior' (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 August 2018.
9. ^'Carabineros recordó obligación de poner la bandera el 18 y 19 de septiembre' (in Spanish). Emol.com. 17 September 2008.

Fiestas Patrias (English: Patriotic Holidays) in Mexico originated in the 19th century and are observed today as five public holidays.

Aniversario de la Constitución[edit]

This day (English: 'Anniversary of the Constitution') commemorates the Constitution of 1917, promulgated after the Mexican Revolution on February 5. Article 74 of the Mexican federal labor law (Ley Federal del Trabajo) provides that the first Monday of February (regardless of the date) will be an official holiday in Mexico marking this occasion.^[1] This was a modification of the law made in 2005, effective since 2006; before that, it was celebrated on February 5 regardless of the day of the week in which the date occurred.

Natalicio de Benito Juárez[edit]

This day (English: Birth of Benito Juárez) commemorates President Benito Juárez's birthday on March 21, 1806. Juárez is popularly regarded as Mexico's greatest president, who instituted the separation of Church and State in the La Reforma (Liberal Reform in Mexico). Juárez is recognized as a hero across the Americas for his resistance to European recolonization.^[2] Article 74 of the Mexican labor law (Ley Federal del Trabajo) provides that the third Monday of March (regardless the date) will be an official holiday in Mexico. As with Constitution Day, the holiday was originally celebrated every year on the same date (March 21), but the federal labor law was modified in 2005 so the holiday is always celebrated on a Monday.

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Labor Day[edit]

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Día del Trabajo (English: Labor Day) commemorates the Mexican workers' union movements on May 1 — specifically, the 1906Cananea, Sonora, and the 1907 Río Blanco, Veracruz, labor unrest and repression.

Labor Day in Mexico traces its origins to the 1886 Haymarket massacre in Chicago, but the first Labor Day in Mexico was when 20,000 workers marched against President Victoriano Huerta demanding fair working conditions in 1913. In 1923, President Álvaro Obregón declared May 1 the Día del Trabajo en México, but the day was officially established by Plutarco Elías Calles in 1925.^[3]

Grito de Dolores and Aniversario de la Independencia[edit]

Grito de Dolores (on the evening of September 15) and Aniversario de la Independencia (September 16) commemorate Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla's Grito de Dolores — on September 16, 1810, in the village of Dolores, near Guanajuato. Hidalgo called for the end of Spanish rule in Mexico. On October 18, 1825, the Republic of Mexico officially declared September 16 its national Independence Day (Dia de la Independencia).

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Mexican Independence day, also referred to as Dieciséis de septiembre, is celebrated from the evening of September 15 with a re-creation of the Grito de Dolores by all executive office-holders (from the President of the Republic down to municipal presidents) and lasts through the night.^[4]

Aniversario de la Revolución[edit]

This day commemorates the Mexican Revolution which started on November 20, 1910 when Francisco I. Madero planned an uprising against dictator Porfirio Díaz's 31-year-long iron rule. Article 74 of the Mexican labor law (Ley Federal del Trabajo) provides that the third Monday of November (regardless the date) will be an official holiday in Mexico. This was a modification of the law made in 2005, effective since 2006; before then, it was November 20 regardless of the day, and all schools gave extended holidays if the day was a Tuesday or Thursday. Although November 20 is the official day, the uprising started on different days in different parts of the country.

Confusion regarding Cinco de mayo[edit]

Contrary to common misconception in the U.S.,^[5][6][7]Cinco de mayo is not Mexico's 'Independence Day', but rather commemorates an initial victory of Mexican forces over French forces in the Battle of Puebla on May 5, 1862.

In contrast to Independence Day, described above, Cinco de mayo is observed mostly at a local level (Puebla State) and is a minor Bank Holiday in the rest of Mexico. Many labor unions have negotiated to have the day off, however, since its proximity to Labor Day (May 1) often allows an extended five-day weekend or two consecutive three-day weekends.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^'Constitution Day in Mexico in 2021'. Office Holidays. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
2. ^'Benito Juarez's Birthday in Mexico in 2021'. Office Holidays. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
3. ^'Día del Trabajo en México: ¿cuál es el origen y cuánto deben pagar si laboras?'. El Diario de Yucatán (in Spanish). 30 April 2020. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
4. ^'Independence Day in Mexico in 2020'. Office Holidays. Retrieved September 15, 2020.
5. ^Lauren Effron (2010-05-10). 'Cinco de Mayo:NOT Mexico's Independence Day'. Discovery News. Retrieved 2010-09-16. Contrary to popular belief, Cinco de Mayo is not the celebration of Mexico's independence day.
6. ^Julia Leyton (2003-04-26). 'How Cinco de Mayo Works'. HowStuffWorks.com. Retrieved 2010-09-16. Lots of us have heard of the Mexican holiday Cinco de Mayo, but not everyone knows what it celebrates. It is not, as some believe, Mexico's Independence Day.
7. ^'Cinco de Mayo, Mexican Independence Day, Sombrero, Fiesta coloring page'. Retrieved 2010-09-16. Get ready for the Fiesta! Print out our original coloring page for your Cinco de Mayo (also known as Mexican Independence Day) celebration and color the Mexican flag, a sombrero, maracas, a pinata and more!